9 Science Pranks and Practical Jokes

Changing Perspective From Global Warming - 1554 Words

Changing Perspective from Global Warming to Climate Change Global warming is one of the biggest problems facing the world today. Global warming is the rise in the earth’s mean surface temperature. This is due to increase of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, which affects life forms on the earth’s surface. The scientific consensus as summarized by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is that the global average surface temperature has risen over the last century. Many scientists believe that global warming is caused mainly by the production of carbon dioxide (greenhouse gas) and any fabricated pollution without taking into account the natural factors. The earth is kept warm due to what is known as the greenhouse effect. The effects of global warming include increased temperature, rise in sea levels, increase in insects that spread disease and tropical storms. The documentary â€Å"Great Global Warming Swindle† shows a group of scientists thr ough scientific research indicates that carbon dioxide is not responsible for global warming. For the past years, world media has aired news of the global warming subject. Global warming is caused by the sun but made to seem otherwise by political propaganda. The documentary changes the audience perspective from global warming to climate change. The documentary presents various professors of different fields of study in science agreeing to the statement that the greenhouse gas – carbon dioxide hasShow MoreRelatedChanging Perspective From Global Warming1569 Words   |  7 PagesChristopher Carney ENGL 1301 20 June 2016 Changing Perspective from Global Warming to Climate Change Global warming is one of the biggest problems facing the world today. Global warming is the rise in the earth’s mean surface temperature due to increase of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, which affects life forms on the earth’s surface. The scientific consensus as summarized by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is that the global average surface temperature has risenRead MoreClimate Change Essays1637 Words   |  7 Pagesclimatologists, the notion of Global warming today is commonly heard but very misunderstood. One might ask, what exactly is global warming and should we care? According to What is Global Warming? in LiveScience, global warming is a gradual increase in the temperature of Earths surface and atmosphere, that has become a world-wide environmental issue.1(Lallanilla,2013) Similarly, this topic is one of great controversy because of widely differing opinions on current global warming rates and the impact byRead MoreGloba l Warming And Its Effects1029 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal Warming Generally, our common understandings about Global Warming would be that the weather or the temperature’s changing; for example, we physically feel the winter is getting warmer or the spring seems comes earlier this year. However, the effect of the Global Warming is way greater than our physical feelings. As the dictionary’s definition, â€Å"An increase in the average temperature of the Earth s atmosphere, especially a sustained increase great enough to cause changes in the globalRead MoreMariah Miller. Professor Fandel. Eng 105. 5 May 2017. Global1613 Words   |  7 PagesProfessor Fandel ENG 105 5 May 2017 Global Warming Spring is upon us and summer is fast approaching; the weather in Iowa is unpredictable as usual. A few weeks ago, it was unseasonably warm, for the sake of comfort I switched the heat off and the air conditioner on; not your typical April, or is it? Based on scientific research I believe the explanation for the bizarre weather patterns are caused by climate changes that are the result of global warming. What is global warming? It is when the earth s atmosphereRead MoreGlobal Warming: Why Its the Governments Job to Halt a Perfectly Natural Phenomenon1584 Words   |  7 Pagespattern occasioned by the global warming. Extreme and erratic weather conditions have been experienced in almost every part of the world. This essay will review the literature that is available on the definition of Global warming, the causes of global warming, effects of global warming on the community and nations, what the government is doing to stop global warming, as well as what Non-Governmental Organization s or Non-State Organizations are doing to stop global warming and finally what should beRead MoreEssay about Causes and Effects of Global Warming on Our World1498 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Warming is a universal concern that has gained worldwide attention. As members of Congress, we have heard and learned new and different facts about the process of Earth. Some causes and effects of global warming are easy to understand, with substantial evidence, yet there are still unanswered questions and reasoning as to why global warming is occurring. This essay is to outline the background of global warming and to display opposing viewpoints. Since there is not enough evidential researchRead MoreClimate Warming : Global Warming Essay1095 Words   |  5 PagesThe climate on the Earth is changing. Currently, the temperature of the earth’s climate system continues to rapidly increase which leads to global warming. Global warming, by definition is the â€Å"gradual increase in the over all temperature of the earth’s atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants†(Webster’s). There are many reasons why global warming occurs, such as human activities and the increasingRead MoreGlobal Warming Argumentative Essay1439 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Warming: Myth or Fact? The Global Warming theory has become increasingly popular over the past few years. Citizens of the world are being encouraged to be more environmentally conscious by others including politicians, celebrities, and world organizations. The problem with the theory lies in the fact that it has become more and more controversial as it gains publicity and attention. The basic concept behind this theory is that the earth was made with a balance of â€Å"greenhouse gasses†Read MoreGlobal Warming : Global Climate Change1209 Words   |  5 PagesBrooke Bogan Carol Dale, M.Ed. 1301 Dual Credit English IV November 4, 2015 WA #6- Global Climate Change Global climate change is a topic that had been hotly debated across the country for years. Though not many people believe it, scientists have proved the global warming is in fact partly caused by man. The greenhouse effect is gradually increasing the temperature of the earth because humans are constantly burning natural gases and oils, greenhouse gases being trapped in the atmosphere, deforestationRead MoreEnvironmental Case Analysis: the Risks of Global Climate Change1185 Words   |  5 PagesEnvironmental Case Analysis: The Risks of Global Climate Change Introduction The natural world seems to be deteriorating around us, and it seems to be our fault. We are uncertain about the extent of the deterioration, the means that would reverse it, and the prospects for human life in the future (Newton, Dillingham, Choly, 2006, p. x). The environment and its protection is an extremely serious issue. Many environmental issues exist including endangered species, waste pollution, over population

Consumer Trust free essay sample

Today, as per Alexa traffic rankings, Flipkart is among the top 20 Indian Web sites and has been credited with being Indias largest online bookseller  with over 11 million titles on offer. The cash-on-delivery model adopted by Flipkart has proven to be of great significance since the credit card and net banking penetration is very low in India. Even its 30 days replacement offer is something which acts as its Provide good customer support with quick turn around time for client queries. Provide replacement of product in case a customer receives a defective product. * User Interface: Easy to use, easy to browse through the products, add products to wishlist or to a cart, get product reviews and opinions, pre-order products, make payments using different methods. * Cash/Card On Delivery: Demonstrated more confidence in buying products. Flipkart sells 20 products/min and have with more than 60% of the Flipkarts customers use Cash on Delivery and card on delivery methods. This is because of two reasons, one is many people do not know how to make payments online. And secondly people do not have immense trust in e-commerce in India. * Customer Retention: Has around 15 lakh individual customers and more than 70% customers are repeat customers i. e. they shop various times each year. The company targets to have a customer base of 1 crore by 2015. * Local Presence: Tie ups with local vendors and courier firms (thereby reducing transportation and storage costs. Owns warehouse in major cities.   For ensuring success, securing trust in your company is essential. Trust is as important to a potential customer’s purchasing decision as the products you offer him. And an essential element of building that trust, with both customers and partners, is the assurance that your e-commerce operation meets the demanding security standards required of organizations handling sensitive financial information. Building a consumer Trust for Flipkart can take place in the following facets: * Setting up a Storefront which generates a sense of dependency among the consumer * Build a commerce friendly Web Host * Securing Information Using SSL * Processing Transactions * On time Delivery * Quality of the products * Efficient staff * Return Policy Following are the various measures taken my Flipkart to build and ensure consumer trust. 1. Merchandise site safety and security A safe and secure Web site is the most crucial element to building online trust. Flipkart convey that customers can trust them with their personal information and their purchases. Promote the basic security of your site and reinforce that message with a buying process that emphasizes safety and ease. Flipkart has a â€Å"Worry Free Shopping† environment. It clearly states shipping, return and privacy policies as well as security and product guarantees. Customers are most sensitive to trust and security issues as they move down the path to purchase. 2. A professional site speaks volumes’ Flipkart has invested wisely in professionalism of their site. This includes : user-friendly design and content updates that are accurate and regular, paying attention to load time, avoiding site down time at all costs, updating content often, avoiding typos and broken links. 3. Showcase the Trustworthiness of Your Brand The trustworthiness is also defined by highlighting its distinctive qualities and physical presence. They do this by expliciting brand-value statement, reinforce that brand-value statement by creating a tag line that customers, over time, will easily associate, and provide easily accessible customer service phone numbers. 4. Outside Voices Boost Credibility There is often no better way to build trust in your brand than to allow others to endorse it. Flipkart has a section for reviews for the product and services from trusted sources which act invaluable. 5. Comprehensive Product Content Enhances Trust You will find comprehensive product content and details of a particular product once u chose any item. This gives an insight of the minute, technical, and other details of the product before purchase. 6. What You See Is What You Get Flipkart provides image zoom functionality; provide thumbnail images to the shopping cart, etc. to ensure that What You See Is What You Get. 7. Building Quality Service One of the most important aspect is also to create trust among the consumers about the quality of the product. Flipkart provides information such as sizes, product availability (in stock), e-mail confirmation, post purchase services, customer service, etc. . Secure Payment options Flipkart promptly provides various options for the payment of the desired products. This is done by Cash on delivery, Credit card and debit card purchase, Net banking, etc. One striking features is also their EMI option with a very minimal amount of overhead. This attracts the consumers and develops a string sense of trust among the consumers as payment is the most sensitive part of the entire consumer buying proc ess. 9. Returns and Guarantee Flipkart’s USP is the 30 day returns guarantee process. Though conditions apply to these, but to almost all the products they refund the entire amount of the money paid if the consumer returns the purchased product due to any reason. Below is a graph denoting monthly traffic to Flipkart and it shows an increasing trend for most of the years. Customer trust in a company can play a significant role in determining the customer’s actions regarding that company. Customer trust (a belief) influences customer intentions. Empirical Research has shown that trust increases customer intention to purchase a product from a company as well as customer intention to return to a company. The following image shows the flow on process for Flipkart online shopping.   The most important parameter for measuring the results of the efforts for creating consumer trust is the revenue generated. In about 7 years, Flipkart generated 12  billion (US$220  million) (FY  2011–12). Flipkart even has a market share of 20-25% in the Indian online market. Last year, it even acquired Let’s Buy and thus increased their market share. The graph shown above also speaks for itself that the number of visitors have been increasing day by day thus ensuring better sales and profitability. Flipkart used various innovative ads where they show kids playing the roles of an adult (with real adult dubbed voices) in a day to day situation to reach their audiences. This creates a sense of trust among the consumers as kids convey truthfulness. This particular advertisement where three generations are portrayed to present the customers’ skepticism in online shopping hits just the right chords to market  Flipkart. com  and assure customers of its excellent services. This advertisement focuses on the major concern of the customers i. e. guarantee and how can one make an assessment from an online image. With the witty use of our old custom of arranged marriages where brides got betrothed by simply looking at the photographs of their husbands, this advertisement mixes a perfect marketing solution, wrapped up in good humour. By presenting three generations together in an ad,  Flipkart. com  once again makes it clear that online shopping is devoid of age barriers and  Flipkart. com  is targeted to everyone irrespective of age or gender. Flipkart is one of the leading players in the online shopping sector in India. It targets all the older generation’s trust towards  Flipkart. com  by making the high-tech younger generation doubtful, and boosting the older generation’s ego by making them make an online purchase in the tech-savvy world. The tag line â€Å"shopping ka naya address†, â€Å"the new address for shopping†, does open doors or rather browsers to online shopping. By various and continuous efforts Flipkart has, no doubt, succeeded at a great level to create consumer trust and its impact is visible and measurable through the results.

The Coldest Winter Ever Essay Example For Students

The Coldest Winter Ever Essay Debut novel by hip-hop rap artist Sister Souljah, whose No Disrespect (1994), which mixes sexual history with political diatribe, is popular in schools country-wide. In its way, this is a tour de force of black English and underworld slang, as finely tuned to its heroines voice as Alice Walkers The Color Purple. The subject matter, though, has a certain flashiness, like a black Godfather family saga, and the heroines eventual fall develops only glancingly from her character. Born to a 14-year-old mother during one of New Yorks worst snowstorms, Winter Santiaga is the teenaged daughter of Ricky Santiaga, Brooklyns top drug dealer, who lives like an Arab prince and treats his wife and four daughters like a queen and her princesses. Winter lost her virginity at 12 and now focuses unwaveringly on varieties of adolescent self-indulgence: sex and sugar-daddies, clothes, and getting her own way. We will write a custom essay on The Coldest Winter Ever specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now She uses school only as a stepping-stone for getting out of the houseafter all, nobodys paying her to go there. But if theres no money in it, why go? Meanwhile, Daddy decides its time to move out of Brooklyn to truly fancy digs on Long Island, though this places him in the discomfiting position of not being absolutely hands-on with his dealers; and sure enough the rise of some young Turks leads to his arrest. Then he does something really stupid: he murders his wifes two weak brothers in jail with him on Rikers Island and gets two consecutive life sentences. Winters then on her own, especially with Bullet, who may have replaced her dad as top hood, though when she selfishly fails to help her pregnant buddy Simone, theres worsemuch worseto come. Thinness aside: riveting stuff, with language so frank it curls your hair. (Author tour) Copyright 1999, Kirkus Associates, LP. All rights reserved. This text refers to the Hardcover edition. Book Description Renowned hip-hop artist, writer, and activist Sister Souljah brings the streets of New York to life in a powerful and utterly unforgettable first novel. I came busting into the world during one of New Yorks worst snowstorms, so my mother named me Winter. Ghetto-born, Winter is the young, wealthy daughter of a prominent Brooklyn drug-dealing family. Quick-witted, sexy, and business-minded, she knows and loves the streets like the curves of her own body. But when a cold Winter wind blows her read more Words/ Pages : 843 / 24

Tennessee University Offers Online MBA program Essays

Tennessee University Offers Online MBA program Essays Tennessee University Offers Online MBA program Essay Tennessee University Offers Online MBA program Essay Essay Topic: Toefl Tennessee University in Chattanooga, a public university, has online MBA programs and the deadline for applying is progressing. Tennessee University records all of the online classes and archives them for further use. The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business represents the gold standards of accreditation for business schools and the online MBA program at Tennessee University is accredited by it. The online business graduate program at Tennessee University was founded in the academic year 2013-2014. The registration deadline is progressing so if you think on applying for this program, you should do that as soon as possible. The application deadline is the same for in-state US residents and out-of-state international students. The director of admissions is Bonny Clark and the telephone number for more information on admissions is 423 425 4667. Tennessee University awards MBAs and the degree can be earned online. The recommended Internet speed for this online MBA program is Cable Internet speed. There is an instructor who will respond to any calls and he/she is available 24 hours. The part-time tuition for this online business graduate program at Tennessee University for in-state US residents is $700 and the part-time tuition for out-of-state international students is $744. As mentioned above, the deadline for applying for this online program is in progress and the notifications for admission start arriving from November 1st. It is possible for the university to deny the application of some applicants that are qualified for the program. It is important to note that the university accepts admissions from people who live abroad. Also, the program is not an SOC member and it does not offer DANTES courses. For applying, an application essay is required and the tests that are required are GMAT or GRE. Applicants must have 2 letters of recommendation and 2 letters of recommendation coming from their professional contacts. Also, the applicant must have work experience in the business area and an undergraduate degree from a business-related field. Undergraduate coursework is not required. Besides GRE and GMAT, international students have to take a TOEFL test as well and the minimum score they need for the paper-based test is 550 and for the Internet-based test the score they need is 79. The academic factors that are considered in the application process are the undergraduate institution the student comes from, the class rank and the undergraduate field of study the student has chosen. The undergraduate GPA, the test scores and the recommendation letters are very important and represent a deciding factor. From the non-academic factors, the most important are the application essay, the previous work experience the student has and the interest the applicant shows for this program. The interview is also a factor that is considered as well as the personal characteristics the applicant owns. Being a student of the generation is not a deciding factor for getting admitted for the program. Director of admissions at Tennessee University is Bonny Clark. The contact telephone for getting information about admissions and the application process is 423 425 4667.

Why Australia should be governed under a non-compulsory voting system debate.

Why Australia should be governed under a non-compulsory voting system debate. Tonight's topic is that Australia should abolish compulsory voting. The affirmative team defines abolish as putting an end to, compulsory as an obligation on Australians and voting as a method of selecting federal and state parliamentary representatives.Tonight I will be presenting our arguments as they relate to society.Our second speaker, Wudassie, will be discussing the individual aspects of the argument.Tonight my first argument is that many people who live in Australia have a lack of interest in politics so why should they have to vote on such an important matter which they are not informed about. My second argument is that many other democracies run their voting system as a voluntary voting system and their democracies work perfectly well, as Australia works under a democratic and not a totalitarian system, and my third argument is that the current system encourages swinging voters. The affirmative team believes voting is about choice so let us choose whether we vote or not.à ´ ®Ã  ´ ²Ã  ´ ¯Ã  ´ ¾Ã  ´ ³Ã  ´â€š: Ink marking after Vote (India)

Legalizing Marijuana Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Legalizing Marijuana - Research Paper Example Although there are many voices and opinions about this topic, the legalization of the drug could support a more stable criminal justice system and prevent the consequences of arrest on citizens that far outweigh the nature of the crime. In understanding the argument for the legalization of marijuana, one must first understand what aspects of the drug is relevant to legalization. The cannabis plant is one of the oldest cultivated varieties of plants in the history of the world. There is evidence that shows that the plant was used for both clothing manufacture and for its intoxicating effects, but there is also some evidence to show that it was grown for its food potential as well (Green, 2002, p. 10). The plant has an Asian origin, although scientists have been unable to determine a specific origin as the long history of the plant defies the ability of research to trace it back to an origin. ` The cannabis plant has many uses that go beyond just the use of the leaves as an intoxicant. Henry Ford made a prototype of a vehicle using hemp (the fiber derived from the plant) based plastics for the body which turned out to be stronger than steel. He was also working on a hemp based oil product for fuel (Green, 2002, 17). Hemp fibers can be used to create natural The drug has an infamous quality as there have been tales and myths reported from the results of usage of the intoxicant. From the 13th century there are writings from Marco Polo about a Persian ruler who had disciples who committed religiously motivated murder who were inspired by the use of cannabis. There is a similar contemporary tale of Shiites who recruit assassins who are users of the drug. In a similar vein, there are stories of African white land owners addicting the Bushmen of the area to marijuana as a means of controlling them (Roffman, 2006, p. 6). All these tales describe the worst imaginable horrors that can be

Management (Organizational Behavior) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management (Organizational Behavior) - Essay Example In this essay, the most important qualities of a manager to make a positive impression on others and group skills that are needed to manage a team and the leadership roles that have to be played by the manager are discussed. Interpersonal skills such as coaching, counseling, offering supportive communication, exercising influence, motivating others and managing conflicts are very essential for managers to create a favorable impression to the other members of the organization. Of all these interpersonal skills the ability to offer supportive communication is very essential. According to Golen (1990), supportive communication is the communication that seeks to preserve a positive relationship between the communicator and the group while still addressing the problem at hand. It allows the manager to provide negative feedback or to resolve a difficult issue with another person and as a result can strengthen the relationship. Another factor that increases effectiveness of a manger is his enthusiasm. His passion on the job and his belief in the vision makes himself more desirable in the organization. There can also be some psychological barriers in the mind of the manager such as, premature evaluation which is caused by premature judgments made without proper analysis, lack of attention when a message is sent across, undue reliance on the written word and ignoring the value of face to face interactions and distrust of the communicator. The personal barriers to creating a favorable impression include, attitude towards superiors, fear of challenge, red tapism, lack of trust on the subordinates, lack of awareness of role expectations, lack of sensitivity to the environment and ignoring environmental cues. When manager can listen to the team members more carefully, able to manage personal and job stress more effectively, capable of influencing

Meaning of Life and Socrates Essay Example for Free

Meaning of Life and Socrates Essay Socrates was considered by many to be the wisest man in ancient Greece. While he was eventually condemned for his wisdom, his spoken words are still listened to and followed today. When, during his trial, Socrates stated that, the unexamined life is not worth living (Plato 45), people began to question his theory. They began to wonder what Socrates meant with his statement, why he would feel that a life would not be worth living. To them, life was above all else, and choosing to give up life would be out of the picture. They did not understand how one would choose not to live life just because he would be unable to examine it. Socrates felt that if he was unable to examine life, he would not be really living. To Socrates, living meant being able to question the world around him. Examining life gives one freedom. Once one examines himself and understands who he is, he can take control of his life. Socrates believed that the ability to ask, to examine, and to understand would make a life whole. He believed that the purpose of life was to grow, both physically and spiritually. Being able to explore and understand would lead to a deeper understanding of the world around us as well as a deeper understanding of ourselves. (Plato 46) Socrates felt that, above all, one should be a good citizen and always do the right thing (Plato 18). However, many in his time did not worry about doing what was correct. Socrates realized this, and understood that they did not care to look into their actions and beliefs. Their first thoughts were on the goals that they had, such as money and pleasure, rather than the thought of whether or not the goals they held were actually what should have been considered important and right (Plato 26). Socrates knew that, unless they took the time to question their lifestyles, they would never do the right thing. By living a life that was being examined, the citizens would be living a life that was, for the most part, also right. Socrates Personally, I have found great value in examining the wisdom of many acts in my life, yet there are many types of people in this world, and if some do not ponder the wisdom of their actions much at all, must we (or particularly they) conclude their life is less worth living? It seems awfully condescending. The people who don’t examine their lives much probably aren’t examining Socrates statement. If they did, they might object to the interpretation with which it is adopted by philosophers. The live in which I let other people tell me what the questions of life are, the life in which I let other people give me their answers without my thinking through to my own answers, is the unexamined life. Socrates is saying that the life in which I ask my own questions and answer them for myself in a reasonable manner is a more valuable life than the unexamined life. The examined life is so much better than an unexamined life that Socrates is willing to die for that value. Through out generations, mankind has been asking themselves what is the purpose of life. And obviously, it would not easy for one alone to answer or explain what the meaning of life is. Nevertheless, ones life is monotonous if it is meaningless, and it is not monotonous if it has a purpose, a target to go. Thus, the question here is how one knows that his life is worth living or not? Socrates, the father of ancient philosophy, once stated, An unexamined life is not worth living. In order to make one life becomes worth to live, this famous statement strongly addresses that one must exanimate himself first and then others in the society to find the meaning and happiness of life. After reading Platos account of Socrates defense, the Apology, I was completely blown away by the power of Socrates words and ideas. The reading left me thinking about how I felt regarding what he had said about virtue, truth and the quest for both. In class, we discussed Socrates search for virtue and we touched on the topic of this paper: the reasons Socrates believed that the unexamined life is not worth living for man. It is my opinion that he is correct in that view and in this paper I intend to show you why. Like many philosophers alive in his time, it was Socrates belief that virtue could only be attained through examination. Only through exploration can you really understand what virtue is, and begin to act virtuously. Understanding, as well as sharing, this information was very important goal to Socrates. The significance of examining and understanding our lives is far greater than one might think. Understanding and comprehending the behavior of friends, as well as of ourselves, enables us to have empathy and compassion for them. And, allows us not to stand in judgment, which, in turn, allows us to live the moral, noble lives that Socrates spoke of. As one analyzes the â€Å"Apology† by Plato, one is able to analyze and contrast and most people would agree with Socrates when he claims that â€Å"†¦the unexamined life is not worth living†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . From a more personal standpoint I would completely agree with Socrates point of view, due to the fact most of us in society have chosen to live the â€Å"unexamined life† for centuries and as a result we live in a society where one has to live segregated from our freewill as human beings as well as a society that is restrained by rules and other types of social â€Å"walls†. When one reads and is able to contrast Plato’s â€Å"Allegory of the Cave† it clearly shows a great and perhaps the most clear example of the point that Socrates was attempting to make to the jury, in the â€Å"Apology†. For example in Plato’s â€Å"Allegory of the Cave†, Plato makes the reader visualize a cave where there are a great number of prisoners who are restrained and are faced staring at the wall where all they can see is shadow movements that are projected from a fire that is placed right behind these prisoners, and this fire is displaying false images from what appears to be images of the outside world. As the story proceeds, one of the prisoners manages to pe the cave and he walks outside into the real world and is able to see a completely different view of the real world and this prisoner is able to see a completely different image of the outside world, different from the images that the shadows inside the cave were exposing to the prisoners. What Socrates is implying is that if one decides not to discover thyself and attempts to focus more on material interest and the acquisition of personal power, one is capable of abusing this power to an extent where it may result in havoc and possibly the destruction of those who occupy the state, either emotionally or physically and all as a result of decisions that were not taken into consideration before being applied. What I was able to grasp from this quote that Socrates phrased is that one has the wisdom to accomplish anything in ones personal life, but one should able to find our soul and locate the wisdom that one contains inside the mind before one attempts to reach personal obstacles in life. the greatest good of all man is daily to converse about virtue. When the time for the exam came along I decided not cheat in the exam simply because I was going to have to live with a guilty conscious for quite sometime and although cheating on the exam appeared tempting at the time I still needed some time to myself and ponder about the decision that I had to make that was probably going to damage my personal morality as an individual. The part of the phrase that really caught my attention is when Socrates says . What Socrates is trying to make us see is that the more one speaks about virtue the more a person is able to learn about the virtues of ones personal life, or in other words we are able to acquire more knowledge of the human mind and its capabilities. I did not go where I could do no good to you or to myself; but where I could do the greatest good privately to everyone of you , thither I went, and sought to persuade every man among you that he must look to himself , and seek virtue and wisdom before he looks to his private interests, and look to the state before he looks to the interests of the state; and that this should be the order which he observes in all his actions. In my third semester in Santa Monica College I was taking a math class and during the first month of the semester I had already taken two exams and had failed on both, as a result before the day of the third exam arrived I was feeling somewhat nervous due to the fact that I was not prepared to take this exam. So as the moment was arriving for this exam, I began to ponder about idea of cheating in order for the results to go my way. When the escaped prisoner decides to go into the cave and attempts to explain to the other prisoners about what is really occurring in the outside world, the other prisoners decide to gain up on the liberated prisoner, because they were not prepared to see reality for what it really is, so they decided to chose to somewhat live the life of a social slave and not the life of a person who lives a life of freedom nor freewill. Another quote that Socrates applies in this story is when he quotes . The same thing goes for the unexamined life, sometimes we as a human being attempt to achieve a certain level of success in life and sometimes at the expense of others and although we may acquire success, we will always live with the conscious of such guilt that later on in life it is going to comeback and hunt us. The unexamined life is not worth living. (Apology, p. 41) Socrates held him self up to this standard by allowing the courts to take his life because they would not allow him to continue his quest set forth by the Oracle. An unexamined life would be just coasting through and not making any decisions or asking any questions. Socrates could not see a point in living if you were unable to ask questions and challenge your way of thinking. An examined life would be trying to understand your purpose and the current state of things. By examining your life, therefor understanding yourself, you will not be subject to actions motivated by passion or instinct. Socrates demonstrated this when Crito arrived at his jail cell with news that he could help Socrates escape. This was an event where they had to act quickly, however Socrates said Let us examine the question together, my dear friend, and if you can make any objection while I am speaking, make it and I will listen to you, but if you have no objection to make, my dear Crito, then stop now from saying the same thing so often, that I must leave here against the will of the Athenians. I think it important to persuade you before I act, and not to act against your wishes. See whether the start of our enquiry is adequately stated, and try to answer what I ask you in the way you think best. (Crito, p. 51) Socrates examines the situation with Crito instead of acting hastily. This example displays how dedicated Socrates was to his way of thinking, and helps explain Socrates actions in court. Meletus was the catalyst of this case brought against Socrates. Meletuss affidavit said Socrates is guilty of wrongdoing in that he busies himself studying things in the sky and below the earth; he makes the worse into the stronger argument, and he teaches these same things to others. (Apology, p. 25) Socrates says all these claims are false and challenges anyone in the court to speak up if they are true. Socrates was also accused of corrupting the young and of not believing in the gods the city believed in but believing in his own gods. Socrates attacked each of these accusations point by point. To disprove the accusation that he corrupts the young he says They say: That man Socrates is a pestilential fellow who corrupts the young. If one ask them what he does and what he teaches to corrupt them, they are silent, as they do not know. (Apology, p. 29) To disprove the statement that he does not believe in the gods the city believes in, he starts to question the jury. Socrates states Does any man, Meletus, believe in human activities who does not believe in humans? Or in flue-playing activities but not in flute-players? (Apology, p. 32) Socrates sets up these analogies so he can compare them to the statements that he does not believe in any gods. Socrates then applies this analogy to himself by saying. Then since I do believe in spirits, as you admit, if spirits are gods, this is what I mean when I say you speak in riddles and in jest, as you state that I do not believe in gods and then again that I do, since I do believe in spirits. (Apology, p. 32) Socrates in his defense is trying to prove that Meletuss charges are blown out of proportion and they are wasting the courts time. Socrates is posed with the question Are you not ashamed, Socrates, to have followed the kind of occupation that has led to your being now in danger of death? (Apology, p. 33) Socrates replies Whenever a man has taken a position that he believes to be best, or has been placed by his commander, there he must I think remain and face danger, without a thought for death or anything else, rather than disgrace. (Apology, p. 33) Socrates is saying when you dedicate your life or you strongly believe in a belief or subject no matter what the danger, you should still stand behind your beliefs. By doing this, you live an examined life. In Socrates case, if he were to accept the punishment of never practicing philosophy he would be living an unexamined life because he could just set aside his beliefs and move on through life. Socrates explains his passion for philosophy by saying Gentlemen of the jury, I am grateful and I am your friend, but I will obey the god rather than you, and as long as I draw breath and am able, I shall not cease to practise philosophy, to exhort you and in my usual way to point out to any one of you whom I happen to meet. (Apology, p. 34) The way Socrates explains himself to the jury, I see a man who truly believes in what he preaches. He demonstrates that he has lived an examined life, and even with the threat of death and an opportunity to escape death, he sticks with what he truly believes is right. He questions everything and will not accept ignorance. However I feel that since Socrates was at the age of 70 his fear of death was dramatically reduced. I think if he were younger he would have taken the opportunity Crito presented to escape, so he could continue his quest. Now the hour to part has come. I go to die, you go to live. Which of us goes to the better lot is know to no one, except the god. (Apology, p. 44).

Movie Review: A Time To Kill :: essays research papers

Movie Review: A Time To Kill I never read A Time To Kill by John Grisham because the book bored me. But I wonder why it did bore me because the movie was engrossing and entertaining. Maybe it is because Akiva Goldsman took out most of the boring parts. I usually love Grisham, but this book was just too slow. However, another thing that made the movie more entertaining is the actors. The movie begins with the rape scene that you have probably heard about. If you haven't, it's a quick-edited scene so it doesn't show much, but still makes your stomach churn. Jake Brigance (Matthew McConaughey) describes it graphically in his summation. Anyway, what makes the scene so shocking is that it is a 10 year old girl being raped. The two men are captured and while ascending a staircase for their preliminary trial, the girl's father, Carl Lee Hailey (Samuel L. Jackson), runs out of a closet with a gun and shoots the two men and a cop. The two men die and the cop has his leg amputated. This sets off the main plot of the story. Hailey gets Brigance to defend him for virtually nothing. During a courtroom scene, Eileen Roarke (Sandra Bullock, in a surprisingly small role for having top billing) helps Brigance to get the trial moved to another town. Unfortunately, the judge (Patrick McGoohan) decides against moving the trial. Brigance needs to get a jury of young, married men with children. What does he get? A jury of women and old men. So Brigance has his work cut out for him, especially when he is up against the cruel and cheating Rufus Buckley (Kevin Spacey). The film moves along quickly, which I wasn't expecting. The movie is 145 minutes long, but it seems shorter than this. The book is over 500 pages, so Goldsman had his work cut out for him. But he did a great job and made the movie more entertaining than the book. As I said, the actors must have had something to do with it as well. Matthew McConaughey is superb as Brigance. This is his first movie and it will probably make him famous. His summation is one of the best parts of the movie. He says it with great emotion that, not only can the jury relate with, but so can the audience. Samuel L. Jackson is always good and there is one particular scene where he gives a small talk to Brigance. It is powerful, even if it is short. That's how good Jackson is.

Collage essay Essay

My name is †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. and I am looking forward to graduate this year. As a senior I have already decided what I want to do after graduating high school. I want to major in computer science in order to be a computer programmer. I choose George Mason University as my collage because it has the right kind of classes which will help me to become a successful computer programmer. Since my childhood days, I always had an interest on computers and I always wanted to learn more programs and features. Every time when new software and programs came out, I got really excited and used to save money to purchase the software. My cousin who is also a computer programmer inspires me to go in this field till this day. My dream job is to be a computer programmer which involves the act of designing, writing, testing, debugging and maintaining software programs of computers. Along with this, a person has to analyze tasks for programs, plan and organize programs, write instructions in programming language, conduct trial runs for programs and consult with superiors for the effective use of program software. Programmers spend most of their time in front of computers, typing information and thinking about new and innovative ways to design programs. A computer programmer can earn up to $110,000 annually or even more for senior programmers and independent consultants whereas the starting salary can be $40,000. Programming is very important and it impacts human lives because without the proper programming people cannot run complex medical equipment, advanced computer systems in airplanes, weather forecasting and many more advanced systems. Currently I am taking one computer class in school which is programming. In my junior year I took two computer classes: Webpage development and Information systems. Taking these classes will be helpful to me when I get into the university. I am also planning to take other related subjects in programming outside of school during summer. Also during my spare time, I usually go up online and research about my career. I have to work much harder than now while studying in the university. If I get good grades, hopefully, I will be able to find a good internship where I can prove myself. I will gain many valuable working skills while I am an intern which will help me in the job industry. I am also ready to work irregular and long hours if I get a job in this field. As I love travelling, travelling different places to help my clients would not be a problem to me. I love the challenges present in this field and I will also be able to make people’s life easier by developing new programs to help people in their work. The only concern regarding my career is that advanced computers are developing every day. Till the time I find a job, the knowledge that I have gained may not be useful in that time. So, I will also be taking various programming classes from time to time to update my knowledge regarding software and programming. . I hope that attending GMU and setting my career as a Computer Programmer will be a right decision for me.

Consumer Behavior and Marketing Strategy Essay

Why study consumer behaviour? †¢ By studying consumer behaviour we try to understand & gain insight into: – Consumer decision making processes – What we buy, how we buy, and why we buy †¢ Enables us to become better consumers and marketers Definitions of Consumer Behaviour †¢ The study of individuals, groups, or organizations and the processes they use to select, secure, use and dispose of products, services, experiences or ideas to satisfy needs and the impacts that these processes have on the consumer and society. †¢ The dynamic interaction of cognition, behaviour and environmental events by which human beings conduct the exchange aspects of their lives (American Marketing Association) †¢ Those behaviours performed by decision-making units in the purchase, usage and disposal of goods and services (Kotler & Levy) †¢ The decision process and physical activity individuals engage in when evaluating, acquiring, using or disposing of goods and services (London & Della Bitta) Application of Consumer Behavior Marketing Strategy/ regulatory Policy/Social Marketing/Informed Individual Consumer Behaviour and Marketing Strategy Cross Cultural Variations in Consumer Behavior Culture is the most pervasive external force on an individual’s consumption behavior. It would be difficult to overlook the importance of culture as a motivator of consumer behavior. The attitude people possess, the values they hold dear, the lifestyles they enjoy and the interpersonal behavior patterns they adopt are the outcomes of the cultural settings. Failure to carefully consider cultural differences is often responsible for monumental marketing failure. The concept of Culture Culture is the complex whole that includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by humans as members of society. ââ€" ª First, culture is a comprehensive concept. It includes almost everything that influences an individual’s thought processes and behaviors. ââ€" ª Second, culture is acquired. It does not include inherited responses and predispositions. Much of human behavior is learned rather than innate, culture does not affect a wide array of behaviors. ââ€" ª Third, the complexity of modern societies is such that culture seldom provides detailed prescriptions for appropriate behavior. Culture provides boundaries within which most individual think and act. ââ€" ª Finally, the nature of cultural influences is such that we are seldom aware of them. One think behave, feels in a manner consistent with other members of the same culture because it seems â€Å"natural† or â€Å"right† to do. The boundaries that culture sets on behavior are called Norms which are simple rules that specify or prohibit certain behaviors in specific situations Norms are derived from Cultural Value, widely held beliefs that shared standards of what is acceptable or unacceptable, good or bad, desirable or undesirable. Violation of cultural norms results in sanctions, or penalties ranging from mild social disapproval to banishment from the group. Variations in cultural values †¢ Cultural values are widely held beliefs that affirm what is desirable. A useful approach to understanding cultural variations in behavior is to understand the values embraced by different cultures. The classifications of cultural values 1. Other oriented[Individual/Collective, Youth/Age, extended/Limited Family, Masculine/feminine, Competitive/Cooperative, Diversity/Uniformity] 2. Environmental oriented [ Cleanliness, Performance/Status, Tradition/Change, Risk Taking/Security, Problem solving/Fatalistic, Nature] 3. Self-oriented [ Active/Passive, Sensual gratification/Abstinence, Material/Nonmaterial, Hard work/Leisure, Postponed gratification/immediate gratification, Religious/Secular] The use people make of space and the meaning they assign to their use of space constitute a second form of nonverbal communication. In America, the office space in corporations generally is allocated according to rank and prestige rather than need. A second major use of space is personal space. It is the nearest that others can come to anyone in various situations without feeling uncomfortable Symbols A symbol may be defined as the sign or representation of something moral or intellectual by the images or properties of natural things as† the Lion the symbol of courage†. Different studies on cultures identified two types of symbols used by people in communicating among them, they are 1. Referential symbol 2. Expressive symbol Relationship The rights and obligations imposed by friendship are another nonverbal communication variable. Americans, more so than most other cultures, make friends quickly and easily and drop them easily also. To most Asian and Latin Americans, good personal relations and feeling are all that really matter in a long term agreement. Americans negotiate a contract, the Japanese negotiate a relationship. In many countries, the written word is used simple to satisfy legalities. In their eyes, emotion and personal relations are more important than cold facts. Agreement Americans rely on an extensive and generally, highly efficient legal system for ensuring that business obligations are honored and for resolving disagreements. Many other cultures have not developed such system and rely instead on friendship and local moral, principles, or informal customs to guide business conduct. In many developed counties, prices are uniform for all buyers, but in some Asian and Middle East countries, the procedure is different Things The cultural meaning of things leadfs to purchase patterns that one would not otherwise predicts. The different meaning that cultures attached to things, including products, make gift giving a particular difficult task. Etiquette Etiquette represents generally accepted ways of behaving in social situations. Behaviors considered rude or obnoxious in one culture may be quite acceptable in another. Normal voice tone, pitch and speed of speech differ between culture and languages as do the use of gestures. For example, a Japanese executive will seldom say â€Å"No† directly during negotiations, as this would be considered impolite. Considerations in approaching a foreign market ââ€" ª Is the geographic area Homogeneous or heterogeneous with respect to culture? ââ€" ª What needs can this product or a version of it fill in this culture? ââ€" ª Can enough of the people needing the product afford it? ââ€" ª What values or patterns of values are relevant to the purchase and use of this product? ââ€" ª What are the distribution, political, and legal structures for the product? ââ€" ª In what way can we communicate about the product? ââ€" ª What are the Ethical implications of marketing this product in this country? http://www.somewhereinblog.net/blog/alihusainkaisar/29525858 http://www.somewhereinblog.net/blog/abdullah_muslim2010/29411963 ———————– OUTCOMES: Individual/ Firm/ Society CONSUMER DECISION PROCESS: Problem recognition/Information search/Alternative evaluation/Purchase/ Use/ Evaluation MARKETING STRATEGY: Product/Price/Distribution/Promotion/Service MARKET SEGMENTATION: Identify product related need sets/ Group customer with similar need sets/ Describe each group/ Select attractive segment(s) to target MARKET ANALYSIS: Company/Competitors/ Conditions/Consumers

Immigration in the US essays

Immigration in the US essays Girl" was first published in 1983 in At the Bottom of the River, a collection of stories which won the Morton Dauwen Zabel Award from the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters. "Girl" is a short piece that shows the dialogue between an older woman and a younger girl, probably a mother and her adolescent daughter. In the piece, the mother instructs her daughter on many subjects, from cooking and cleaning to social skills and love. Despite its brevity, "Girl" is a work which accurately and intimately portrays a mother-daughter relationship and The title of the piece, "Girl", is an integral part of the work itself. The title serves several purposes. First, the title represents the age of the daughter. She is not a woman, not yet on her own, but a girl, still dependent on another, still with much to learn. Second, the title represents the mother's perception of her daughter. She does not consider her a woman or a young lady, but a naive girl in need of constant instruction and supervision. A third purpose of the title is that it represents the daughter's struggle to find her own emerging identity in the shadow of her mother and the shadow of the identity her mother wants her to take on. She is not named in the piece, nor is her place defined; she is not "daughter", "sister", "mother", or "wife", but "girl". "Girl" depicts the mother-daughter relationship that appears when the daughter reaches adolescence, a time of great change in the relationship. Kincaid uses Caribbean idioms and speech patterns to lend realism to the dialogue. The dialogue borders on monologue on the part of the mother. The girl is hardly able to squeeze in a word, having only two brief sentences in the entire work. Very likely, however, this is not even one speech by the mother, but a compilation of several bits of advice. To the daughter's ears, the plethora of advice and rules ...

Capitalizing Titles of People and Groups

Capitalizing Titles of People and Groups Capitalizing Titles of People and Groups Capitalizing Titles of People and Groups By Maeve Maddox Katie Williams writes: I would like to   see a post about capitalization,  such as when is it proper to capitalize peoples titles, and when would you capitalize the name of a group (i.e. Board of Directors)    is Board always capitalized when you are referring to the group? A persons title is capitalized when it precedes the name and is therefore seen as part of the name: President Lincoln Bishop Sheen Once the title occurs, further references to the person holding the title appear in lowercase: the president the bishop The name of a group is capitalized when it is the full name: the Department of Comparative Literature the Board of Directors of Acme Industries Further references will be written in lowercase: the department the board Promotional materials frequently capitalize words like University and Board every time they occur. Generally speaking, the use of capitals should be minimized as much as possible. In the absence of a company style guide, the best practice is to choose a style guide for yourself. I refer to several, including the AP Stylebook and the Chicago Manual of Style. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Bare or Bear With Me?50 Synonyms for "Assistant"9 Forms of the Past Tense

Final report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Final report - Essay Example In 1987, a new Commercial Bank head office opens on Grand Hamad Street. In 1990, ATMs are introduced in Qatar by Commercial Bank. In 1992, Point-of-sale machines are introduced in Qatar by Commercial Bank. In 1997, Dedicated Customer Call Centre is established. In 2006, Commercial Bank signs an agreement to become the title sponsor for the Qatar Masters golf tournament. In 2008, First Qatari bank to list GDRs on the London Stock Exchange. Also, it is the first Qatari bank to list bond issue on the SIX Swiss Exchange in 2010. In 2011, incorporates Commercial Bank Investment Services. In 2012, A strategic partnership with Katara Cultural Village Foundation is announced. Commercial Bank won several internationally recognized awards, including  the Citi Performance Excellence Award and  the JP Morgan Quality Recognition Award. In 2013, Commercial Bank acquires 74.24% shareholding in Alternatifbank in Turkey. The Commercial bank mission statement is "everything is possible". Qatar’s National Vision rests on four pillars – Human Development, Social Development, Economic Development and Environmental Development. The Commercial bank goal is to support this National Vision and help provide a high standard of living for all Qatar’s people. Commercial bank has divided into two segments which are the retail banking segment and the wholesale banking segment. Each of them provides different services. The retail banking segment consisting of current consumer and vehicle loans; The position I was entitled during my internship is a relationship officer. This job title involves learning and gaining brief understanding about general transactions and other related process of Commercial Bank Qatar. Also it requires filling and accomplishing some applications for clients during a specific period of time such as opening new account, depositing cash and

Licensing Agreement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Licensing Agreement - Essay Example This is considered to be the first step of intellectual property. This report will identify issues that Alarmz ltd might face by entering into an agreement with a Brazilian company and how identified problems might be overcome. Introduction Alarmz Ltd is a company that prides itself with the use of technologically updated car alarms five years running. We deliver and fit the top brands in car alarms including Clifford, Cobra, Hornet, Viper, Avital, Laserline and Autowatch and all forms of car alarm, parking sensors, audio, hid lighting etc. We also fit car accessories at amazingly low prices. Our specialty includes remote start and 2way car alarms and our clients are guaranteed excellent results. With the increase in car thefts and faulty vehicle tracking devices, there is a need to ensure that cars have well manufactured and functioning alarms. This has led to our company, Alarmz Ltd to create ideas for the manufacture of a new tamper proof alarm. This alarm will be designed in a wa y that minimizes chances of tampering by people who have malicious intentions with the car. This alarm system will have features that will be different from other market alarms. In this quest, we were able to identify the Brazilian Company Redfern Integrated Optics (RIO) Inc as our preferred manufacturer. RIO Inc. is a company that is well known for the manufacture and development of optical and subsystems based on Planar External Cavity Laser Technology (PLANEX). It distributes exclusive price-performance returns in energy, security, infrastructure, metrology, and other markets. The qualities of products produced by RIO Inc are the best so far in the market. Cases of dissatisfaction by customers have been minimal. The distribution of their products is on a wide area scale, as they have adequate transportation that oversees distribution. This is therefore, the better option we have identified to work with as a manufacturing company. There is a need for Alarmz Ltd to enter into a lic ensing agreement with RIO Inc. A licensing agreement is necessary because, our company needs to protect its intellectual and invention rights. Since our company came up with an idea and wants to make the product a reality, we still need to have rights over the product as the inventors. Alarmz ltd will need to increase its revenue, and the product can do that. Making a licensing agreement ensures that Alarmz ltd; the original inventors of the product enjoy the benefits of the product and are involved when an increase of price for the product is needed. A licensing agreement will enable our company to increase visibility and access to our product under a trademark with RIO Inc. A licensing agreement will enable the product to bring attention to our company. This is an intellectual property that can become symbolic, when shared and used in the right way. Alarmz ltd needs to be careful in entering a licensing agreement and adequate research should be done before with adequate legal guid ance. The agreement is contractual between Alarmz ltd and RIO Inc., or any other company that we may choose to do business. In this agreement, RIO Inc. can exploit our product, process and manufacture it, but obliged to pay us royalty from the sale of the product. The licensing agreements will give Alarmz ltd enjoyment of benefits that will be achieved by the production and sale of the alarm. In creating a licensing agreement, we will give limitations to RIO Inc, who is not the

Macro economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Macro economics - Essay Example It categorically defined employee and enables the Federal government to enforce acceptable means necessary to promote employment for economic stability (McConnell and Brue 214). These statues as well as other directives from the government are factors that shape a country’s fiscal policy. Prior to the Great Depression, national government intervention was limited to foreign policy and national defense. Most of fiscal policies are determined in state levels of government who had ample discretion in the formation of their own guidelines. Economists often refer to another important factor in the determination of economic dynamics in the form of political influence as a major factor in the federal budget. When there is unsupervised spending by politicians into particular interests groups then this could lead to exhaustive government expenditure relative to the tax revenues and leads to federal budget deficits (Boyes and Melvin 248). Staggering budget deficits is a major problem fo r any economy that brings imbalance to the entire system and impedes growth bringing adverse effects to members of a country’s population. There are two broad categories of fiscal tools as enumerated by McEachern as automatic stabilizers and discretionary. The first are programs that regulate the economy by stabilizing disposable income through the real GDP and consumption. The best example of an automatic stabilizer is income tax which automatically modifies the disposable income of an individual. The second is a direct manipulation by the government to encourage its macroeconomic objectives including full employment, growth and price stability. They may differ in the length of execution and as to... This paper discusses such important macroeconomic concepts as business cycles, fiscal policy and fiscal tools. Business cycle is essentially the rise and decline of economic activity. There is no specific or clear-cut span of time that determines a business cycle and the same may range for several years. There are four phases of the business cycle that comprises of peak, recession, trough and recovery A widely used measurement of output is the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a country which sees peaks and lows The occurrence of business cycles and its concurrent effect on increasing unemployment and inflation prevents economic growth.The mandate of a country to influence economic activity is the central purpose of fiscal policy. Macroeconomic theories are utilized in the formulation of the scope and limitations of fiscal policy. An example of a direct reaction of the government founded on fiscal policy is the Employment Act of 1946 when unemployment became a major problem after World War II. Prior to the Great Depression, national government intervention was limited to foreign policy and national defense. There are two broad categories of fiscal tools as enumerated by McEachern as automatic stabilizers and discretionary The first are programs that regulate the economy by stabilizing disposable income through the real GDP and consumption. The second is a direct manipulation by the government to encourage its macroeconomic objectives including full employment, growth and price stability. The 2009 stimulus plan implemented by President Obama is a good example of a discretionary fiscal tool adopted by the U.S. Government

Gestalt Learning Theory Essay Example for Free

Gestalt Learning Theory Essay Doing my research on learning and instruction in complex simulation-based learning environments, I experienced a large difference in how learners reacted to my learning material (Kluge, in press, 2004). Complex technical simulations involve the placement of the learner into a realistic computer simulated situation or technical scenario which puts control back into the learner’s hands. The contextual content of simulations allows the learner to â€Å"learn by doing. † Although my primary purpose was in improving research methods and testing procedures for evaluating learning results of simulation-based learning, the different reaction of our participants were so obvious that we took a closer look. I had two different groups participating in my learning experiments: students from an engineering department at the University, mostly in their 3rd semester, and apprentices from vocational training programs in mechanics and electronics of several companies near the University area in their 3rd year of vocational training. Most of the students worked very intensively and concentrated on solving these complex simulation tasks whereas apprentices became easily frustrated and bored. Although my first research purpose was not in investigating the differences between these groups, colleagues and practitioners showed their interest and encouraged me to look especially at that difference. Practitioners especially hoped to find explanations why apprentices sometimes are less enthusiastic about simulation learning although it is said to be motivating for their perception. Therefore, in this dissertation I address the difference in the effectiveness of using simulation intervention program based on a Gestalt learning theory. Moreover, to find out if the program improves either or both the quality and speed of the learning process of students enrolled in a highly technical training program. This dissertation focuses on using simulation based learning environments in vocational training program. In this chapter, the experimental methodology and instruments are described, results presented and finally discussed. As mentioned above, my primary purpose when I started to investigate learning and simulation based on Gestalt learning theory was focused on improving the research methodology and test material (see Kluge, in press, 2004) for experimenting with simulation-based learning environments. But observing the subjects’ reactions to the learning and testing material the question arose whether there might be a difference in the quality of and speed of the learning process of students involved in my study. Research Design: A 3-factor 2 ? 2 ? 2 factorial control-group-design was performed (factor 1: â€Å"Simulation complexity†: ColorSim 5 vs ColorSim 7; factor 2: â€Å"support method†: GES vs. DI-GES; factor 3: target group, see Table 2). Two hundred and fifteen mostly male students (16% female) in eight groups (separated into four experimental and four control groups) participated in the main study. The control group served as a treatment check for the learning phase and to demonstrate whether subjects acquired any knowledge within the learning-phase. While the experimental groups filled in the knowledge test at the end of the experiment (after the learning and the transfer tasks), the control groups filled in the knowledge test directly after the learning phase. I did not want to give the knowledge test to the experimental group after the learning phase because of its sensitivity to testing-effects. I assumed that learners who did not acquire the relevant knowledge in the learning phase could acquire useful knowledge by taking the knowledge test, which could have led to a better transfer performance which is not due to the learning method but caused by learning from taking the knowledge test. The procedure subjects had to follow included a learning phase in which they explored the structure of the simulation aiming at knowledge acquisition. After the learning phase, subjects first had to fill in the four-item questionnaire on self-efficacy before they performed 18 transfer tasks. The transfer tasks were separated into two blocks (consisting of nine control tasks each) by a 30-minute break. In four experimental groups (EG), 117 students and apprentices performed the learning phase (28 female participants), the 18 control tasks and the knowledge test. As said before, the knowledge test was applied at the end because of its sensitivity to additional learning effects caused by filling in the knowledge test. In four control groups (CG), 98 students and apprentices performed the knowledge test directly after the learning phase, without working on the transfer task (four female participants). The EGs took about 2-2. 5 hours and the CG about 1. 5 hours to finish the experiment. Both groups (EGs and CGs) were asked to take notes during the learning phase. Subjects were randomly assigned to the EGs and CGs, nonetheless ensuring that the same number of students and apprentices were in each group. The Simulation-Based Learning Environment The computer-based simulation ColorSim, which we had developed for our experimental research previously, was used in two different variants. The simulation is based on the work by Funke (1993) and simulates a small chemical plant to produce colors for later subsequent processing and treatment such as dyeing fabrics. The task is to produce a given amount of colors in a predefined number of steps (nine steps). To avoid the uncontrolled influence of prior knowledge, the structure of the plant simulation cannot be derived from prior knowledge of a certain domain, but has to be learned by all subjects. ColorSim contains three endogenous variables (termed green, black, and yellow) and three exogenous variables (termed x, y, and z ). Figure 1 illustrates the ColorSim screen. Subjects control the simulation step by step (in contrast to a real time running continuous control). The predefined goal states of each color have to be reached by step nine. Subjects enter values for x, y, and z within the range of 0-100. There is no time limit for the transfer tasks. During the transfer tasks, the subjects have to reach defined system states for green (e. g. , 500), black (e. g. , 990), and yellow (e. g. , 125) and/or try to keep the variable values as close as possible to the values defined as goal states. Subjects are instructed to reach the defined system states at the end of a multi-step process of nine steps. The task for the subjects was first to explore or learn about the simulated system (to find out the causal links between the system variables), and then to control the endogenous variables by means of the exogenous variables with respect to a set of given goal states. With respect to the empirical evidence of Funke (2001) and Strau? (1995), the theoretical concept for the variation in complexity is based on Woods’ (1986) theoretical arguments that complexity depends on an increasing number of relations between a stable number of (in this case six) variables (three input, three output: for details of the construction rational and empirical evidence see Kluge, 2004, and Kluge, in press, see Table 1). To meet reliability requirements, subjects had to complete several trials in the transfer task. For each of the 18 control tasks a predefined correct solution exists, to which the subjects’ solutions could be compared. In addition, knowledge acquisition and knowledge application phases were separated. The procedure for the development of a valid and reliable knowledge test is described in the next section. Different methods have been developed to provide learners with support to effectively learn from using simulations. De Jong and van Joolingen (1998) categorize these into five groups: 1. Direct access to domain knowledge, which means that learners should know something about the field or subject beforehand, if discovery learning is to be fruitful. 2. Support for hypothesis generation, which means learners are offered elements of hypotheses that they have to assemble themselves. 3. Support for the design of experiments, e. g. , by providing hints like â€Å"It is wise to vary only one variable at a time† 4. Support for making predictions, e. g. , by giving learners a graphic tool in which they can draw a curve that gives predictions at three levels of precision: as numerical data, as a drawn graph, and as an area in which the graph would be located. 5. Support for regulative learning processes: e. g. , by introducing model progression, which means that the model is introduced gradually, and by providing planning support, which means freeing learners from the necessity of making decisions and thus helping them to manage the learning process. In addition, regulative processes can be supported by leading the learner through different stages, like â€Å"Before doing the experiment . . . ,† â€Å"Now do the experiment,† â€Å"After doing the experiment. . . .† Altogether, empirical findings and theoretical assumptions have so far led to the conclusion that experiential learning needs additional support to enhance knowledge acquisition and transfer. Target Population and Participant Selection: In the introductory part, I mentioned that there were two sub groups in the sample which I see as different target groups for using simulation-based learning environments. Subjects were for the most part recruited from the technical departments of a Technical University (Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electronics, Information Technology as well as apprentices from the vocational training programs in mechanics

Destiny, Fate, Free Will and Free Choice in Oedipus the King :: Oedipus the King Oedipus Rex

Fate in Oedipus the King Fate. Even the word alone is intimidating. I believe I can safely say that everyone at one point in their lives have wondered about fate. "Christian fate" is something that I have never thought of before, though it is something that I believe in with all my heart. I believe that each person has a fate in store for them. Are human lives just a predetermined course of events? The idea of destiny is one that has been written about since the beginning of time. In Sophocles' drama, Oedipus the King, fate seems to have a strong hold during the entire tale. How much of this story truly reflects reality? Where does Christianity fit into the picture of fate? These are the thoughts of the growing world around us. The thought of something predetermined for our lives is a frightening one. Put yourself in Oedipus' position. He was told he would one day kill his father and sleep with his mother. Who wouldn't try and alter their future if told such horrid news? I believe that even though this ending was always going to happen to Oedipus he still had the chance to change the outcome. This same idea is reflected in each one of our lives as well. Oedipus made decisions that led to his sad ending. God knows the ending of our lives. He knows what is in store for us. Does this mean that we have no choice or say in what happens in our lives? In my opinion, it doesn't. God knows what choices we are going to make. Like us, Oedipus had choices to make. Society often blames God for rough times in their lives, but most of the time the rough moments are results from our own bad choices. Sophocles cleverly weaves this idea into his drama. I'm not sure if Oedipus could have changed his future by holding in his temper. Thankfully, our lives are not determined by Greek gods, but by the one true God, who gives us a choice for our future. Christians, like Oedipus, know their fate. We know Jesus is preparing a place for us in heaven.

How does Steinbeck prepare us for the end, and link it to the beginning? Essay

Steinbeck prepared us for the end by many different reasons that occur in the play. The Incident at weed, killing mice, killing a dog and crushing Curley’s hand is all evidence for this. The ‘weed’ incident prepared us for the end by alerting the readers that something has gone wrong at one place and how long will it be till something else like this occurs. â€Å"An’ you ain’t gonna do no bad things like you done in Weed, neither.† George liked to stroke mice in his hand, but he doesn’t know his own strength as he is a big bulky strong man. ‘I could pet it with my thumb while we walked along’ said Lennie, but as Lennie is so strong he just crushes the poor animal. Candy’s old dog was shot because it is wrong to let an animal suffer in pain. The dog â€Å"Got no teeth, He’s all stiff with rheumatism† and he is â€Å"ancient†. Lennie killed Curley’s wife by acciendent because they were in the barn together and Lennie was stroking her hair, but she didn’t want him to mess it up ‘You stop it now you’ll mess it all up’. And she yelled and Lennie put his hand around her mouth and said â€Å"Oh! Please don’t do that. George will be mad†. George broke her neck another incident were Lennie doesn’t know his own strength. Steinbeck links the beginning to the end with George and Lennie. They both continue through out the play reminding them selves of ‘The American Dream’, and that is what they talked about before going on to the ranch George thought it would be nicer to lay under the stars with one night relaxation. The last time they ever dream of ‘The American Dream’ is at the end when George shoots Lennie while he is dreaming of the rabbits. â€Å"Le’s do it now. Le’s get that place now† – was the last words he ever said. Lennie is the same old Lennie with a childlike mental age. George is always there to look after him and tell him what to do like in a adult child situation, â€Å"come on, give it to me†. Stienbeck always describes Lennie as a animal from the beginning to the end â€Å"snorting into the water like a horse†. They always argue and Lennie says he will go away, but george knows that his best friend wont be able to look after him self and will end up getting shot, at the end he says â€Å"I can go away †¦ an’ find a cave†. At the beginning Lennie says the same thing â€Å"go off in the hills†¦. I’d find a cave†. George said â€Å"somebody’d shoot you for a coyote if you was by yourself† Lennie is also a killer, he attacks Curley, curlys wife, kills mice and throws his dead pup on to the floor in anger. Lennie is not mean, he doesn’t want to cause pain or suffering. George knew that if he let Lennie live then he would sooner or later be found and caught, and would most likely be tortured by Curly then be put in a prison for the rest of his life or killed on the spot. George didn’t want to she George go through any pain or suffer so he put him out of his own misery, just like the dog!

Plato vs. Aristotle Essay

Numerous experts in modern time regard Plato as the first genuine political philosopher and Aristotle as the first political scientist. They were both great thinkers in regards to, in part with Socrates, being the foundation of the great western philosophers. Plato and Aristotle each had ideas in how to proceed with improving the society in which they were part of during their existence. It is necessary therefore to analyze their different theoretical approaches regarding their philosophical perspectives, such as ethics and psychology. This paper however will mainly concentrate on Aristotle’s views on friendship and how it impacts today’s society. The main objective in Plato’s philosophy is a creation of a perfect society. He constructs a foundation for a utopian society in his book â€Å"The Republic†. The purpose of his thought process was to cleanse his society of the woes he felt plagued it and construct a new one. Plato lived during the Peloponnesian War, which consequently lead to the end of the Athenian democracy. He had eyewitness account of his mentor’s (Socrates) trial and execution. Bitter and angered by the political corruption that gripped the Athenian democratic government, he disengaged from participating in politics. He strongly felt that neither a moral individual nor a state that is rational could be established in a democratic environment. Plato felt that the common man wasn’t intelligent or capable of dealing with concepts that influence the state such as economics, policy of foreign affairs and other relative matters. He viewed political incumbents in Athens government as being elected for matters that were irrelevant to main factors that affected the state. Another danger was that excessive liberty for the people of the democratic society could potentially lead to anarchy. In Plato’s perfect society, he forged ahead to eliminate the disease (pluralism of friendship) that plagued the human character and society (Class Notes). Essentially, Plato wanted to establish the perfect form of society, linked by one single entity. Aristotle, unlike Plato, was not focused or concerned about the idea of a perfect society, instead he wanted to improve upon the one that he was part of during his existence. Rather than develop a framework for a society that is perfect, he suggested that society should, in it self, strive to utilize the best system it can attain. He felt that utopia was abstract and superficial. It wouldn’t allow for realistic problem solving solutions. He felt that Plato’s view of a strict overhaul of society in general wasn’t necessary. He believed that society was at its optimum and you can only improve upon the existing one. Plato’s perfect society would consist of three basic groups, which are Guardians (Gold), Auxiliaries (Silver), and the Artisan (Bronze). The highest of these classes are the gold people, which consist of rulers and non-rulers. Those that are rulers are society’s decision & policy makers and non-rulers occupy levels of civil servants. The fundamental prerequisite to becoming a genuine philosopher is to have knowledge of forms, thus enabling you to know the truth. Plato’s theory of the forms is partly logical and part metaphysical. Armed with the truth, he believed that philosophical ruler will always make the right decision, and rule with total wisdom, justice and virtue. The rulers, he felt, wouldn’t posses any money or property, they would be free of desires, excesses, and vices. The Auxiliaries (Silver) are people of strength, courage, and military capacity; they occupy a small sector of society. All auxiliaries would be subjected to a series of tests, which will check their powers of resistance to self-interest, pleasure and other temptations. The last level, Artisan (Bronze), are the workers which might be composed of farmers and artist, essentially non-skilled workers. They would produce all the consumable and non-consumable goods deemed necessary for consumption and the continued economic viability of the society. Plato whole-heartedly felt that if ever the bronze or iron people rule the state would collapse (Class Notes). He sought to establish the concept of the gold class having wisdom, thus they should be wise and good rulers. It was imperative that those who rule be philosophers and skilled in areas that pertained to the interest of the state. Aristotle’s disagreed with Plato in regards to allowing one particular class to govern the state politically for indefinite period of time. He felt that to not allow interaction among the various classes would inhibit those who posses the ability to engage in political life, an injustice. He feels Plato’s structure of classes is politically incorrect for the state. He quotes â€Å"It is a further objection that he deprives his Guardians even of happiness, maintaining that happiness of the whole state which should be the object of legislation†, ultimately he is stating that those who rule (Guardians), sacrifice their happiness for control and absolute power. Those who are of the gold class, lead such a rigid life, that it will become necessary to impose the same strict way of life on those being governed. He places the idea of moderation on a high pedestal. Many individuals come to favor the concept of moderation because it is flexible, part liberal and part conservative. Plato’s ideal society is so difficult to conceive that Aristotle believes that no human being can achieve its rudimentary requirements. He decided to express in the â€Å"Republic† how men should conduct it self in a perfect society and what attitude they should posses. In retrospect, Aristotle felt by using real world experience along with real people, he can see first hand how and what way can he improve society. Plato and Aristotle both agreed on justice and viewed it objectively; that is it controls the belief a life of good nature would be provided for all people no matter their ranking in society. Aristotle’s states † In democracies, for example, justice is considered to mean equality, no oligarchies, again inequality in the distribution of office to considered just†. Plato views the idea of law and justice as what sets the standard for society’s behavior in a state. Aristotle puts emphasis on the institution of the polis or civilized community. The polis was structured to allow the average individual in society to participate in political matters. This institutional forum is not the city-state or the community, but merely the larger of the two entities. It is rather a partnership between households, clans, and villages for the sake of a fully developed and self-sufficient life. The polis enables those individuals who naturally posses moral intellect and wisdom an opportunity to rise to higher positions (Class Notes). Justice is the political good within the polis, and it must promote the common interest of the people of the state. What is seen as good must be distributed and regulated through out the state. The law is also the regulating factor that arises from equal and free people in civil institution. The well being of a society is solely based upon the connection between the effort in which the citizens of the state adhere to the law of the land. A good citizen of the state will posses prudence, moderation, and justice, and above all to rule and be ruled. His belief contradicts Plato theory of one controlling class, governing the political matters and decisions that effect the state. The Theory of Democracy that Aristotle states is that democracy is a â€Å"perversion† form of government of â€Å"polity† (Class Notes). He clearly states â€Å"The people at large should be sovereign rather than the few best†. Plato on the other hand, wouldn’t permit citizens to engage in public participation concerning governmental issues, as Aristotle would have enjoyed. Plato also felt that public judgments of disapproval and approval were based on emotional belief, instead of factual knowledge. He believes that if a revolution occurred it would happened within the corridors of the palace, hence palace revolution. This type of revolution happens when there is a transmission of power from one holder of power to another. Aristotle perceives such an event occurring between the wealthy and less fortunate in society. He feels to prevent such actions, one must participate in them. Plato thinks that in a utopia a disgruntled group of Guardians will emerge and disengage themselves from the ruling law of the state. He feels that an oligarchy two things may initiate a possible revolution: the first one is the ruler and their offspring would grow to be weak, sympathetic, and second is that the number of poor individuals will grow larger and there for be taken advantage of by the ruling class. Aristotle states that to know the factors that caused the revolution, which destroys the constitution, is to also know the principal of effect, which in turn ensure its preservation. Aristotle and Plato also have contrasting views on ethics, psychology and metaphysics. In regards to ethics, Aristotle believes that virtue is necessary for happiness, while Plato says virtue is enough for happiness. The psychological difference between the two is that Plato feels the body is a prison for the soul; body and soul are two different entities, capable of maintaining independence from one another. As for Aristotle, he claims that the body and soul are two different things, one consisting of matter the other form. He sees everything in the universe being composed of matter and form, so its not surprising that he perceives human being are too. To him form is simply the way matter is arranged. For example, a cat is composed in a feline way; that’s what makes a cat. Human being for that matter, have a unique method of structure, too; that’s their form. In fact, Aristotle strongly feels that nothing in existence can be without form and matter. If you eliminate its structure and form you have nothing left. So for Aristotle, the concept of soul without body or body without soul is incoherent. In regards to form, Plato expressed how things should be through utilizing vague language and poetry. In respect to friendship, I firmly believe that Aristotle’s views on friendship holds value in today’s society. First we will touch on the various points that Aristotle makes regarding friendship, then expand on his main principle in connection to modern time, if possible. Aristotle distinguishes between three types of friendship: friendships of utility, friendships of pleasure and friendships of virtue. The idea behind friendship of utility is that it is founded on the idea of usefulness. The interaction among friends is only valued if there is usefulness between the two individuals. An example of this would be any automobile dealer and car buyer. Factoring in that they know each other, both need what the other can provide. The bond that unites the two people is based on usefulness. As long as they each can provide what the other needs, it satisfies the friendship. The second concept would be friendship of pleasure, which is basically the amount of pleasure generated between the participants. An example of this would be two people engaging in a social event, such as an outdoor festival. Each of the participant’s enjoys the others company. They are friends because of the pleasure they bring to themselves. The last kind of friendship is the friendship of virtue. This friendship is special and unique, such that it can only be between two people. Rather than utility and pleasure, where it can establish a group of people, this type of friendship is connected solely between two people. This type of friendship is also unique based on the fact that it can only hold any true value if both individuals are of the same virtue. People in general might regard these definitions of friend objective. Some believe that doing something for someone is solely based on the act of self ? fulfillment. Aristotle, I believe is not incorrect in stating that the idea in friendship in utility and pleasure is for our own sake, and the concept behind friendship of virtue is for the sake of the friend. These three categories are arranged in a certain format that there are influenced by the next level. These bonds of friendship can arise from various forms of potential fraternal groupings. Present day possibilities can include: various college organizations, union members, national communities and any other form of group’s that people find a common denominator. For Aristotle Aristotle is more philosophically inclined than Plato; he tends to get rid of ideas that are irrelevant, and he believes that the concept of forms existing separate from matter is somewhat superfluous. He dives right into the heart of the matter. You can see Aristotle as someone who believes the world in which he occupies very satisfying just the way it is. His main focus is always connected with things that are consistent with ideal experience, without introducing unnecessary notions of concepts that can’t be proven. Plato’s vague, poetic language in metaphysics and physics didn’t stimulate inspiration; it made him uncomfortable. Both Plato and Aristotle were two men who envisioned methods on ways to improve their existing society. Plato, the political philosopher, was basically in pursuit of philosophical truth. Aristotle was more concerned with citizenship and institutional politics. They both had developed ideas and concepts to improve society as a whole. Aristotle and Plato have had a tremendous impact on political scientists of today. In Aristotle case, he was responsible for developing various democratic ideas. Even in modern democracies like our own Aristotle’s ideas hold true. When we vote in the election of the ruler of our country we, theoretically, are voting for the single most â€Å"excellent† citizen of our nation. That is we are voting for that citizen who can do the best job of working toward our common interest. The citizen of a state who has the greatest ability to work towards the salvation of the constitution has a great gift that can benefit all citizens. It only makes sense to allow that particular individual to lead the rest of the citizens in working towards the common interests of the state. In conclusion, these men were great thinkers. Their opinions on society and its function were quite different, but they both had the same concern, to build a better way of life for their societies they in lived in and for the societies that would come to be in the future.

Nursing Assignment 1 Essays - Nursing, Clinical Nurse Specialist

Nursing Assignment 1 Essays - Nursing, Clinical Nurse Specialist Nursing Assignment 1 FACULTY OF NURSING AND ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES RESEARCH METHODOLOGY NMNR5103 ASSIGNMENT 1 Discuss the integration of research findings and other forms of evidences to transform nursing practice. Current semester: January 2015 Date of submission: 07/03/2015 INTRODUCTION Nursing knowledge plays a key role in the nursing practice revolution. Major challenges are to select the 'right' knowledge from various sources and transform it into expedient knowledge. Knowledge defined as "information, understanding, or skill that you get from experience or education" (Marriem_Webster, 2015). Knowledge can be divided into two aspects, which call learning and knowing. Learning gain from the experience, study or being taught, while knowing is showing one has a knowledge, usually from personal understanding. In nursing practice, knowledge is gotten from multidimensional base and comprises evidence that comes from science, experience and personally derived understanding. Basically scientific knowledge is more systematic and developed through research activity where an exact approach is come after to acquire findings that can be applied to inform nursing practice. (Moule and Goodman, 2008). However, in nursing practice nurses also applied the knowledge that they gain from experience and personal leaning when delivers care to patients. In the other hand, Smith and Crookes, (2011) mention that knowledge is generated through encounter the activity of how knowledge is transfer at teaching, application in clinical practice and combined with other knowledge. Beside scientific knowledge, there are others sources of knowledge developed through experience that included trial and error, intuition, traditions knowledge, and personal knowledge. All nurses know nursing, but what they know and how they know might be different from each other due to different experiences, different taught and different qualification. The development and exploration of nursing knowledge are fundamental to the future of nursing practice. This paper will discuss the integration of research findings and other forms of evidences to transform nursing practice. NURSING PRACTICE The term art and science are important for practice of nursing. The science of nursing offers a basic foundation for nursing practice, while the art of nursing assist nurses to appreciate patients better (Wu, 2013). The combination of nursing science and art of nursing will result in excellence nursing practice. As mention earlier, science consists of structured knowledge that gains from research activities and finding the evidence for the best practices in nursing. Empirics knowledge is one of the nursing science, Carper, (1978) cited in Wu, (2013) describe empirics as systematic knowledge which is establish into theories to define, explain and forecast phenomena in nursing. Therefore, the nursing knowledge is objective, realistic and trustworthy. Art of nursing is the ability of nurses to attach with the patients. Art of nursing knowledge comes from personal knowledge that gains through experience while deal with patients in clinical area. Wu, (2013) expressed that nurses should wo rk beyond the technical skills while interact with patients in order to achieve art of nursing. Nursing is the practice, however practice is multifaceted in nature. In nursing practice, nurses need knowledge concerning the physiological and psychological aspect on daily activities of living, as well as knowledge on medical treatment and pharmacology. They also need social knowledge in enable them to have appropriate skills and attitude in dealing with life and death. Nurses need good communication to interact with others such as patients, relatives, doctors and peers and most important they competence in carry out medical prescriptions. In order to justify and understand the complexities of nursing profession, nurses need knowledge that can explain the nursing practice. There are various sources of nursing knowledge that identical for nurses in nursing practice. NURSING KNOWLEDGE Nursing science is nursing knowledge. According to Mantzoukas and Jasper, (2008) nursing knowledge was found in 19th century and that time nursing knowledge was dominant until mid 20th century, and its from various forms influences current nursing practice. In this era, nursing knowledge was considered as a set of descriptive rules, where the nurses were trained and taught to follow to carry out nursing activities (Reed, 1995, Bradshaw, 2000 cited in Mantzoukas and Jasper, 2008). In the others word, nurses only carry out their duty based on guideline or instruction given by an authoritative person, mainly doctors and nurse manager. In this period of time, nurses did not have explanatory power; all nursing activities are